Reptilia ROF™-90: Precision Optic Mount for ACRO/MPS

Reptilia ROF™-90: Precision Optic Mount for ACRO/MPS

Reptilia Unveils 6-Slot RMU™ Mount in Flat Dark Earth

Reptilia Unveils 6-Slot RMU™ Mount in Flat Dark Earth

MR. Excellency

Mark P. Dillon

Head of Information & Evidence Unit

Office of The Prosecutor

References:  OTP-CR-441/19

Report No.720

Report On Friday 13th March 2026 (2:30 pm - Cairo – Egypt)

Egypt Authority Persecutes The Coptic -Please Help

EGYPT AUTHORITY TRIES TO KILL MY MOTHER BY INSULIN INJECTION – PLEASE HELP

(Also they force my family to send me to the madhouse)

Because 

Egypt Authority tries to STEAL my astrophysics research results, I worked in it since 2013 till now –Egypt authority torture us to steal my research – they hanged many of my accounts and even prevent me to write my research papers by using torture.

(They try to burn my laptop- which is my only source for all my research materials) 

Notice

I’m a former student in (Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia – Moscow) – (Physics Department) –and my research reach to important results-

Egypt authority prevents me to write my research by using torture and creates continuous difficulties for me and hanged many of my accounts frequently   

Please notify the Interpol and Europol that any harm will be done for my mother or me or if my research be stolen, these actions are done for us because of Egypt Authority Persecution of Coptic.

Please Help –

Egypt authority people torture my mother BY ELECTRIC SHOCKS and try to kill her BY THE INSULIN INJECTION Now (my mother life is in extreme danger) (Please help - Egypt authority forces my mother to take material raise the hypertension and they prevent any doctor help or medicine to kill her or to cause a serious disease)

Because of Egypt authority persecution for us and their continuous try to steal my research

I have authorized The United Nations for my research on Thursday 8th September 2022

And

I have authorized The Honorable United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres for my research on Friday 7th of July 2022 and published this authorization letter on the sites

also

I have authorized my teacher Dr. Budochkina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna for my research on Monday 10th February 2020 and published that authorization letter on the sites

or  https://www.academia.edu/41892810/An_Authorization

or  https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis/an-authorization

This authorization is canceled on 10-11-2025 by the following document

The Cancellation Of The Authorization Letter Written On 10-2-2020

Or

or

Or

Or

The Story With Documents Is Published On This Link

Petition (with signature) (Egypt Persecution Against The Coptic).pdf

And

AN ACCUSATION (EGYPT AUTHORITY CAUSED THE BOMB IN THE CHURCH 2016)

(The Cathedral “El-Botrosyia” Church Bomb December 2016)

and

Vodafone –Egypt practices a fraud and breach of trust during (2013-2022)

And

National Bank Of Egypt Practice The Fraud (2020-2022)

AND

A Claim Is Sent To The United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres-

The Claim tells (Egypt Authority And The Egyptian Army Put Spies In The Churches To Cause To Spread The Sexual Abnormality Among Children) (20 -1-2025)

A Claim To United Nations Against Vodafone Egypt –They Persecute The Coptic And Breach Of Trust

and

Accusation Against Egypt Authority- They Will Make A Genocide For The Coptic In Egypt

and

Application For The Registration Of The Coptic Church Icon In UNESCO (The World Heritage)-With Signature

AND

AND

A Claim Against UNESCO Is Sent To  The Honorable United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres- Because UNESCO refused to register the Coptic Church Icons in (The World Heritage List and Centre)

And

A Job Application For UN For Free (Is Sent To The Honorable United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres)

or

Please Note

(Based on that My Teacher Dr.Budochkina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna can be in danger-Please notify the Russian Police that she may be in A Serious Danger because any terrorist action may be done against her under Egypt Authority Support)   

Dr. Budochkina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna

Associate Professor (Mathematical Analysis and Theory of Functions Department)

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) – Moscow – Russia

The Claim Details

(I) Egypt authority persecutes me (2013-2022) by the following methods: 

(1st) They Torture My Mother By Electric Shocks And Try To Kill Her By Insulin Injection – Please Help

(2nd) They Try To Kill Me By Poison or by poisonous gasses – and forces my family to get rid of me by a fake accusation or by sending me to the madhouse based on false reports.   

(3rd) Egypt authority tries to hurt my Teacher Dr. Budochkina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna

(4th) Egypt authority practices hacking on all my accounts To Prevent Me to publish my research

(5th) Egypt Authority tries Currently To Steal My Research Results –

(II) Egypt authority try to kill My Mother Now By Electric Shocks Torture And INSULIN INJECTION & By STARVATION (Also Egypt authority forces my family to get rid of me, try to kill or to send me to the madhouse). 

(III) Egypt authority tries to kill my mother as a revenge from me because I have authorized Dr. Budochkina, Svetlana Aleksandrovna – to use my research material as her own research material –

(IV) National Bank of Egypt persecutes me because I’m Coptic, they denied the money sent to me based on a contract issued by Ministry of Justice - France – this contract I have published with many other important documents proves Egypt persecutes me (2013-2022)

(V) Egypt authority people puts harmful materials in our foods – and they may cause to hurt my mother by any transportation accident –

Egypt authority uses many people to perform these tasks – I refer here to 3 people

(1st person) my father / Francis Tawdrous Gerges – he resident in the same house (my same address)

(2nd person)  retired policeman / Thrawt Olson – resident in 5th Mohamed Rageb St – El Materyia – Cairo – Egypt (resident in our street but House No.5)

(3rd person) Engineer / ABDEL-ATIF MANSY –he’s an owner of packaging machines company

his address / El Mansi office – in front of  Elbnat high school –El Mansy st- behind baba El sharea police station – Cairo – Tel (+20121696797) – site (https://www.m2pack.com/contact_us.html ) and (https://www.m2pack.com)  

My Story Summary

• Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges                          Mobile +201022532292
• Passport No./ A11263731                                           ID. No./27410090102716 
• Curriculum Vitae  http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0044 (Egyptian –Coptic – 1974)    
• Address   / 11 Mohamed Rageb st – Madenet El Saada – El Materiya– Cairo – Egypt

2013-2022: Egypt authority prevented any job from me and prevented me to travel abroad- they threaten mine and my mother lives 

2010-2013: I have studied in Faculty of physics & Math– Physics Department – Peoples Friendship University of Russia – Moscow – Russian Federation.  

2013-2022 (Details) - Because I couldn’t return to Moscow - I have performed an interesting research in astrophysics- many international physicists interested for it – while Egypt authority realized my research importance they:

(I) torture my mother by electric shocks to force me stop publishing my papers

(II) they practice hacking on my accounts and telephone calls (+201022532292) to prevent any contact to reach to me. 

During 2019-2022

1. I have claimed to The International Criminal Court and The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court had sent to me a letter explaining that they received my documents – but that causes no difference in Egypt authority behavior against us – they still torture my mother by electric shocks and try to kill her by insulting injection (The Court Letter is posted in this paper Page no.2) (dated 21st October 2019)  
2. Then the Ministry of Justice – France has sent to me a decree by a loan to help me to get out of Egypt but the National Bank of Egypt denied the money to prevent me to travel aboard (the Ministry of Justice contract and the money transfer are posted in this paper page no 3) (dated 19th January 2020)
3. Then – after that – I have authorized Ms. Svetlana Budochkina to use my research materials as her own research –  I do that because Ms. Svetlana Budochkina the mathematics analysis teacher in my Faculty -  and by this authorization letter I try to find a help from my Faculty & university – because Egypt authority prevents any contact to me – and I can’t use my research at any case because of the Egypt authority persecution against me – So I want Ms. Svetlana Budochkina to use my research materials as her own research and to present it under her name before any scientific community which will support my research and improve my situation against Egypt Authority (the authorization letter is posted in this paper page no.4) (dated Monday 10th February 2020)

My Claim / Egypt persecutes me because I’m Coptic (Christian) (2013-2020).

(1) Egypt authority prevents any source of money to me – and by that I have no money for food, medicine, transportations or internet connection – that makes this message is the last one till they allow me for some money – BUT –I want to send a daily report to your Excellency because (mine and my mother lives) are in extreme danger, but no internet connection to do. 

(2) My mother is their method to practice stress on me – they torture her daily by electric shocks and try to kill her by insulin injection or any other method – So Please register her name / Na'ema Zakher Kerlous – as a target for killing- and in case she is dead under any circumstances – Please request from the international police to investigate her body

My International Certificates Are In My Curriculum Vitae

Note Please, 

I have no money at all and can’t travel from Egypt to any place because of that – also Egyptian government prevents any one of my relatives or my church people to provide me any help (And 2 persons were killed because they have tried to help me).

I thank your Excellency deeply for this great favor is done for us          Kind Regards

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Passport No./ A11263731                                                   ID. No./27410090102716 

Address /11 Mohamed Rageb st- Madenet El Saada – EL Materiya District – Cairo – Egypt

Curriculum Vitae           http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0044

E-mail                            mrwaheid@gmail.com

Twitter                           https://twitter.com/GergesTawdrous1

Facebook                       https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous/

VK                                 https://vk.com/id696655587

Tumblr                           https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges 

Discord                          https://discord.gg/sgQFvUvT

Researcherid                  https://publons.com/researcher/3510834/gerges-tawadrous/

ORCID                          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Google                                https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2Y4ZdTUAAAAJ&hl=en

box                                https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia                       https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

List of publications        http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                            https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis                                                                                                                                     

My Mother

Na'ema Zakher Kerlous                                       Mobile : +201286733743

1. Diabetes Patient – 67 Years Old –
2. Resident in the same address - Address /11 Mohamed Rageb st- Madenet El Saada – EL Materiya District – Cairo – Egypt
3. Home Telephone No. +222550186            
4. Just I can talk in English – no one other in home can do – for telephone conversations ypu can use my mobile number +201022532292 or to use translator speaks in Arabic to the home No. +222550186  

Thanks Deeply from my heart bottom                                                                  Best Greetings         

Notice / I have made many authorization letters for the united nation – on of them I insert in the next page to explain my try to protect myself and my mother by legal procedures

Authorization Letter For The United Nations

To whom it may concern

On Thursday 30th of March 2023

I, the undersigned, Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges, herby authorize The United Nations

This authorization be issued concerns my research be published on the sites

My academia        https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

My Box account   https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

My Slideshare        https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

My page               http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

The Authorization be for the followings:

(1) 

The Authorization provides a percentage (10%) (ten percent) of all my income from this research to be received by The United Nations – As its own legal money and has all rights to require it by legal procedures.

(2)

The Authorization is provided to enable The United Nations to raise a claim before The International Judgment against The President of Egypt / Abdel Fatah El Sisis – Because – He used his authority and force to steal my research results during (2013-2023)

The Authorization Reason (Details)

I’m, Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges, Egyptian, Christian- (date of birth 9/10/1974)

Passport No. A11263731 –  ID No. 27410090102716

The President of Egypt /Abdel Fatah El Sisis during (2013-2023) has persecuted me

(a) He prevented me to travel abroad during (2013-2023) and prevented all income

(b) He threatened my life and my mother life along the period and tortured us

© He used hackers to close my accounts (twitter, Quora, Linkedln, researchgate ….etc) and made problems for me to prevent me to publish my research on my accounts-

(d) His people torture my mother by electrical pulses and threaten her life– they try to kill my mother by insulin injection and to starve her for long periods (many days of starvation)

(e) The president of Egypt uses the satellites to torture us – and by that – they can cause many pains for us by using these tools – example – He can cause my body to be bleeding without any direct touch

The authorization letter is written for the United Nations without definition of any name – because – I try to protect the person who will do this task – the United Nations is free to choose the person who will do the defined job 

Notice The authorization letter defines the money – and the payment will be done only for the issued international judgment against the president of Egypt/Abdel Fatah El Sisis

Also, there are other authorization letters, each letter defines its job- 

Signature (in Arabic)

Signature (in English)

Signature (in Russian)

Fingerprint (Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges Right Thumb)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous         +201022532292

ORCID     https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Facebook  https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous/               E-mail mrwaheid@gmail.com

Address/  11 Mohamed Rageb st- Madenet El Saada – El Materiya District – Cairo – Egypt        

Applications of 1×4 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Couplers in Fiber Sensing and Quantum Technologies

Introduction

With the rapid development of optical communication, fiber sensing, and quantum information technologies, fiber optic devices have become increasingly crucial in modern science and engineering. The 1×4 polarization-maintaining fiber coupler (1×4 PMFC) is a high-precision optical splitting device capable of distributing a single optical signal evenly or proportionally to four output ports while maintaining the polarization state of the light. Its applications in fiber sensing and quantum technologies are expanding, making it a key component for high-precision measurements and quantum information transmission.

1. Overview of 1×4 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Couplers

1×4 PMFC is an optical splitter designed to divide an input optical signal into four output channels while preserving the polarization direction of the light. Typically fabricated using high-precision fused tapering or fiber grating techniques, PMFCs effectively suppress polarization mode drift and cross-talk, ensuring stable and reliable optical signals under complex environmental conditions.

Key Features:

• High Polarization Maintenance: Extinction ratio (PER) typically exceeds 20 dB, ensuring stable output polarization.
• Low Insertion Loss: Typically below 1 dB, suitable for high-sensitivity applications.
• Uniform Splitting Ratio: Provides precise optical power distribution for controlled signal routing.
• Wide Wavelength Compatibility: Operates across wavelengths from 780 nm to 1550 nm.
• High Reliability and Stability: Resistant to environmental disturbances, suitable for both industrial and research applications.

2. Applications in Fiber Sensing

Fiber optic sensing relies on changes in light intensity, phase, or polarization to measure environmental parameters such as temperature, strain, pressure, or vibration. The 1×4 PMFC plays several critical roles in fiber sensing systems:

• Multipoint Measurement and Signal Distribution
   1×4 PMFC can distribute a single light source to multiple sensing nodes, enabling simultaneous multipoint monitoring. For example, in distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensing systems, the coupler can evenly distribute light to four sensor probes, improving measurement coverage and accuracy.
• Enhanced System Stability
  The polarization-maintaining property ensures that the light signal remains stable under external temperature fluctuations or mechanical disturbances, reducing measurement errors and enhancing system reliability.
• Application Examples
• Temperature and strain monitoring using FBG sensors
• Distributed fiber pressure and liquid-level sensing networks
• Structural health monitoring for bridges, aerospace, and oil pipelines

3. Applications in Quantum Technologies

Quantum communication and quantum computing require precise control of light polarization and coherence. The 1×4 PMFC is particularly useful in these fields:

• Quantum Information Distribution
  In quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, single-photon signals often need to be routed to multiple detectors for parallel measurements. The 1×4 PMFC can achieve stable multi-channel splitting while maintaining polarization, preserving the integrity of quantum states.
• Quantum Interference and Entanglement Distribution
  Accurate polarization control is critical in quantum interference experiments. PMFCs allow synchronous distribution of multiple quantum channels with stable polarization, supporting the generation and transmission of entangled quantum states.
• Application Examples
• Multi-channel quantum signal distribution in QKD systems
• Optical qubit distribution in quantum computing experiments
• Quantum interference and state measurement platforms

4. Development Trends and Prospects

As quantum communication, fiber sensing, and high-precision optical measurement technologies advance, the demand for 1×4 PMFCs will continue to grow. Future development trends include:

• Higher Polarization Maintenance: Targeting PER > 30 dB to meet stringent quantum state transmission requirements.
• Lower Insertion Loss and Broader Bandwidth: To enhance performance across multiple wavelength ranges.
• Miniaturization and Modularization: For portable sensors and compact quantum communication terminals.
• Integration with Photonic Chips: Combining fiber devices with integrated photonics to achieve compact, high-performance systems.

Conclusion

The 1×4 polarization-maintaining fiber coupler is a high-precision, multifunctional optical device with broad applications in fiber sensing and quantum technologies. By enabling stable multi-channel optical distribution and polarization maintenance, it enhances measurement accuracy and system reliability while supporting quantum information processing. With continued improvements in performance, the 1×4 PMFC is expected to play an increasingly pivotal role in advanced fiber optic and quantum systems.

Applications of 1×4 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Couplers in Fiber Sensing and Quantum Technologies - Xionghua Photonics

What is a high-power polarization-maintaining fiber optic circulator?

With the rapid development of optical communications, laser technology, and precision optics, high-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulators (HP-PMFCs) have become indispensable components in optical systems. They offer unique optical routing capabilities and high-power handling characteristics, playing a critical role in industrial, research, and communication applications. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the working principle, features, and applications of high-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulators.

1. Overview of High-Power Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Circulators

High-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulator is an optical device based on polarization-maintaining fiber technology and the circulator principle. It enables unidirectional transmission of optical signals: light entering the input port follows a designated path to the output port, while light traveling in other directions is effectively isolated. This unidirectional transmission feature makes circulators function like “optical one-way valves” in laser systems, optical sensing, and fiber-optic communications.

Key Features:

• High-power handling capability: Suitable for high-power lasers or intense optical signals, preventing damage caused by optical nonlinear effects or thermal effects.
• Excellent polarization-maintaining performance: Maintains the polarization state of the light signal, ensuring stability and precision of laser output.
• Low insertion loss and high isolation: Minimizes optical path loss while preventing backward reflections that could interfere with or damage the source.

2. Working Principle

A high-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulator mainly consists of three parts: polarization-maintaining fiber input/output ports, a Faraday rotator, and polarizers. The basic working process is as follows:

• Input port: Light enters the circulator through the polarization-maintaining fiber.
• Direction control: The Faraday rotator utilizes the magneto-optic effect to steer the light in the desired direction.
• Output port: The light exits at the designated output port while preventing backflow along the reverse path.

This design ensures unidirectional light propagation while maintaining low loss and high stability under high-power conditions, making it essential in high-power laser systems.

3. Main Features

• High-power handling capability
• Designed to handle tens to hundreds of watts of optical power.
• Uses special fiber end-cap technology and high-power resistant materials to prevent fiber end-face damage.
• Excellent polarization-maintaining performance
• Extinction ratio (ER) typically >20 dB.
• Suitable for polarization-sensitive applications such as precision laser processing and nonlinear optics experiments.
• Low insertion loss and high isolation
• Typical insertion loss <1 dB.
• Isolation >30 dB, effectively suppressing backward reflections and protecting the system.
• High stability and reliability
• Performs well under varying temperature and environmental conditions.
• Long operational lifetime, suitable for continuous high-power operation.

4. Applications

Thanks to their excellent performance, high-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulators are widely used in:

• High-power laser systems
• Protect laser amplifiers from backward light that could damage the source.
• Maintain stable laser polarization for precision processing and scientific experiments.
• Fiber-optic communications
• Reduce polarization mode interference in high-speed optical transmission systems.
• Enable directional routing and isolation of multi-channel optical signals.
• Fiber laser LiDAR and sensing systems
• Improve signal stability in sensing applications.
• Protect detectors from high-power back-reflections.
• Scientific research and nonlinear optics experiments
• Preserve light polarization in precision optical experiments to ensure reliable results.
• Used in high-power pulsed laser and optical parametric amplifier (OPA) systems.

5. Development Trends

As fiber laser technology and high-power optical systems advance, the technology of high-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulators continues to improve:

• Higher power handling capability: Advancing toward hundreds of watts or even kilowatt-level applications.
• Lower insertion loss and higher isolation: Further improving system efficiency.
• Miniaturization and integration: Facilitating use in compact optical systems.
• Intelligent monitoring: Real-time monitoring of polarization and power for adaptive protection.

6. Conclusion

High-power polarization-maintaining fiber circulators, with their high-power handling capability, excellent polarization performance, and high isolation, act as the “traffic controllers” of optical systems. Whether in laser industry, optical communications, or scientific research, they provide reliable light path protection and signal stability. With technological advancements, future HP-PMFCs will evolve toward higher power, lower loss, and intelligent functionality, offering even stronger support for the optical field.

What is high-power polarization-maintaining fiber optic circulator? - Xionghua Photonics

Empowering with MEMS Technology: Key Applications of 1X4 Polarization-Maintaining Optical Switches in Optical Communication and Sensing

In high-speed optical communication and precision optical sensing, the stability, controllability, and reliability of optical signals are critical performance indicators. With the continuous expansion of network capacity and the advancement of optical sensing technologies, traditional optical switches can no longer meet the demands for high performance, low power consumption, miniaturization, and fast response in complex applications. The introduction of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology has provided new momentum for optical switches, with 1X4 polarization-maintaining (PM) optical switches emerging as a key component in optical communication and sensing systems due to their high precision, reliability, and flexibility.

1. Advantages of MEMS Technology in Optical Switches

MEMS optical switches control optical paths through micro-scale mechanical structures. Their core advantages include:

• High-Precision Optical Path Control: Micro mirrors or micro-actuators allow precise switching of optical signals, enabling lossless path selection.
• Low Power Consumption and High Reliability: MEMS devices typically feature low static power consumption and long mechanical lifetimes, suitable for long-term operation.
• Miniaturization and Integration: Compact structures make MEMS switches easy to integrate into optical modules, photonic chips, or compact systems.
• Fast Response: MEMS switches can achieve switching in milliseconds or faster, meeting the needs of dynamic networks or real-time monitoring.

Compared to traditional mechanical or liquid-crystal optical switches, MEMS optical switches combine high performance with high integration, ensuring reliable operation in next-generation optical communication and sensing systems.

2. Features of 1X4 Polarization-Maintaining Optical Switches

1X4 PM optical switch can route a single input optical signal to four output ports while maintaining the signal’s polarization state. Key features include:

• Polarization-Maintaining: Ensures signal integrity in polarization-sensitive applications, such as interferometric measurements, quantum communication, and high-precision sensing.
• Multi-Port Selection: 1X4 configuration allows flexible distribution of a single input signal to four output channels for versatile signal routing.
• Low Insertion Loss and High Isolation: Minimizes signal attenuation and enhances system signal-to-noise ratio and communication quality.
• High Stability and Long-Term Reliability: MEMS structures ensure mechanical stability and suitability for long-term operation in complex environments.

3. Applications in Optical Communication

In optical communication networks, 1X4 PM optical switches are mainly used for:

1. Signal Routing and Network Reconfiguration
   MEMS 1X4 switches enable flexible signal routing, supporting rapid switching, fault recovery, and bandwidth allocation in optical networks, ensuring continuous and reliable data transmission.
2. Polarization Management and Interference Control
   In high-end optical systems, polarization control is critical for signal integrity. PM switches stabilize polarization, reduce polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and minimize phase errors, optimizing high-speed data transmission quality.
3. Dynamic Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Applications
   MEMS switches allow dynamic allocation and switching of multi-wavelength signals among output ports, increasing network flexibility and scalability.

4. Applications in Optical Sensing

Optical sensing systems require high stability in polarization and optical paths. 1X4 PM switches play critical roles in:

1. Distributed Fiber Sensing (DTS/DAS/DPS)
   PM switches enable rapid switching between multiple sensing fibers, allowing large-scale monitoring and high-precision measurement while maintaining stable polarization to improve measurement accuracy.
2. Interferometric Sensors
   Devices like fiber optic gyroscopes and Mach-Zehnder interferometers are sensitive to polarization. MEMS 1X4 switches ensure optical path switching does not disrupt interference patterns, maintaining measurement reliability.
3. Quantum Communication and Quantum Sensing
   In quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum interferometry, polarization stability directly impacts system performance. PM switches provide precise polarization control, offering a solid hardware foundation for quantum applications.

5. Future Development Trends

As optical networks evolve toward higher speed and intelligence, MEMS 1X4 PM switches face new challenges and opportunities:

• Miniaturization and High Integration: Moving toward photonic integrated chips to reduce system size and cost.
• High-Speed Switching and Intelligent Control: Integration with digital control and automation for millisecond or microsecond switching, supporting remote intelligent management.
• Low Insertion Loss and High Power Handling: Meeting the requirements of high-power signal transmission and specialized industrial applications.
• High Environmental Adaptability: Operating reliably under variations in temperature, vibration, and humidity for mission-critical applications.

6. Conclusion

MEMS-enabled 1X4 polarization-maintaining optical switches, with high precision, polarization stability, and flexible multi-channel capability, have become indispensable components in optical communication and sensing systems. They enhance network stability and reliability while providing a solid foundation for precision optical measurements and quantum applications. As technology continues to advance, MEMS optical switches will play an increasingly important role in intelligent optical networks and high-end optical sensing fields.

Empowering with MEMS Technology: Key Applications of 1X4 Polarization-Maintaining Optical Switches in Optical Communication and Sensing - Xi

Glock Gen 6: New Aluminum Optic Spacer by Jagerwerks

Glock Gen 6: New Aluminum Optic Spacer by Jagerwerks

Ok so, in Project Hail Mary, something feels vaugely off whenever microscopes are being described. It seems like it’s talking about light microscopes, but they’re going up to magnifications that don’t seem realistic? I am a hobby microscopist, and I remember people explaining to me that the max magnification you can get before loosing a lot of image quality (and before your microscope gets really rediculously proportioned) is in the 1000x-2000x range. The microscopes described in the book are 8000x or 10000×. It all just seems off? But I don’t really know quite enough to even do more research. Anyone know what’s up with that?

Collodion Photography

Photography was invented by French engineer and chemist Nicéphore Niépce, born in 1765, who made the very first permanent photograph in 1826 by using bitumen of Judea on a pewter plate. Light hardened the bitumen, and the unhardened area could be washed away with a solvent with oil of lavender, which is essentially lavender turpentine. Bitumen of Judea is a naturally occurring asphalt, a tar-like hydrocarbon that hardens when exposed to light. The name Judea comes from its geographic location, around the Dead Sea in Israel. The most important surviving work is “View from the Window at Le Gras” (1826). It shows the rooftops & outbuildings of his estate. The photo is extremely faint & is displayed in a controlled lighting environment because of its fragility. Because bitumen is barely affected by light, its development took days.

The next step in photography was the physicist and painter Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre. He introduced this in 1839 using a silver-plated copper sheet sensitized with silver iodide, & the latent image was developed with mercury vapor, producing a single, highly detailed, mirror-like image. The process was sensitive enough to reduce exposure times to 20-30 minutes. By 1841, British chemist William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the negative-positive system that allowed multiple prints from a single exposure. He coated paper with silver iodide & developed it with gallic acid. The process was shortened to just several minutes. By 1851, English chemist Frederick Scott Archer had invented the collodion process, a significant improvement over using egg whites to sensitize glass plates to light.

Collodion is a syrupy solution of nitrocellulose dissolved in ether & alcohol & mixed with iodides or bromides. When poured onto a glass plate sensitized in silver nitrate, it created a highly light-sensitive surface. In good light, the photo took a few seconds. All of this had to take place in a dark room or under red light. You could not expose it to light, but they would put it into a holder that was opaque. The holder was then inserted into the camera, & when they were ready to take a picture, they would slide off the front panel of the container, which would then expose the photographic plate, & they would get the image, which would then need to be processed because the light would only turn some of the silver iodide into metallic silver. After that, the plate was washed with sodium thiosulfate, & that removed all of the unreacted silver compounds.

Silver is extremely light sensitive, first noticed by early chemists like Johann Heinrich Schulze (1717), who noticed that silver salts darkened in sunlight. But because Schulze could not “fix” the image, it always continued to darken. When struck by light, silver undergoes a microscopic chemical change that forms an image. The image could then be developed into visible metallic silver. Collodion did not replace egg whites in the camera; it replaced daguerreotype plates & paper negatives. But collodion negatives were printed on egg albumen paper. The photos were quite good with extremely fine detail because the emulsion sat on smooth glass rather than paper, as evidenced by the many 1850s Abraham Lincoln photos, which were made using wet-plate collodion techniques. Although collodion had fast exposure, everything else was fast too, so it was a race against drying too quickly.

In those days, photographers travelled in horse-drawn carriages, which served as their darkroom. They were completely sealed off from the light. The process was quite demanding. For most of the 19th century, photography meant preparing a plate by hand, mixing volatile chemicals, breathing in toxic fumes, exposing for minutes to seconds, developing in a darkroom, fixing, washing, drying & varnishing. Today, we take all of this for granted with our cellphones doing all of this in under 1/1,000 of a second using silicon sensors & software. Digital photography replaced chemical reactions with electronic charge collection.

The sensor, called a complementary metal-oxide-superconductor, is a type of technology used to build the tiny electronic structures inside modern image sensors. These convert incoming light into electrical signals using millions of microscopic photon detectors on a chip. This is then amplified by transistors built directly into each pixel. The miracle isn’t just speed—it’s that the entire workflow of 19th-century photography is doing what Daguerre, Talbot & Archer did, but it’s doing all of their jobs at once, automatically, invisibly & at lightning speed. Now the “darkroom” is a microchip.

Help,

Abdul-Fattah El Sisi – The President Of Egypt Caused The Bombs In The Churches In 2016 And 2017 – Please Help

Petition (with signature) (Egypt Persecution Against The Coptic).pdf

Petition (with signature) (Egypt Persecution Against The Coptic).pdf

And

AN ACCUSATION (EGYPT AUTHORITY CAUSED THE BOMB IN THE CHURCH 2016)

(The Cathedral “El-Botrosyia” Church Bomb December 2016)

An Accusation (Egypt Authority Caused The Bomb In The Church 2016) with Signature (1).pdf

And

Vodafone –Egypt practices a fraud and breach of trust during (2013-2022)

Vodafone-Egypt Practices a fraud and breach of trust during 2013-2022.pdf

And

National Bank Of Egypt Practice The Fraud (2020-2022) https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis/national-bank-of-egypt-practice-the-fraud-20202022pdf

Spyware.

Let’s start with the KGB Vegas-2 cigarette box camera, which was mounted inside a hollowed cigarette box. To take a picture, the spy often just squeezed the package as if he were trying to remove a cigarette. No suspicion was aroused. The lens peered through a tiny hole in the pack’s printed design. It used subminiature film, typically 16 mm (0.6 in) or smaller, with a fixed-focus lens optimized for close-range document photography. Modern tests surprisingly show it still works quite well, though the images are degraded.

The CIA used the Minox-B subminiature camera, which they called the “gold standard” of Cold War spy cameras. It used 8 x 11 mm film (¼ of 35 mm film). It had a precision 15 mm f/3.5 lens for excellent sharpness for close-range document photography. It also had a pull-to-cock sliding body that advanced film & set the shutter. It had a selenium photovoltaic cell that measured light accurately without batteries. It wasn’t noisy and wasn’t hot or bulky. It didn’t require maintenance. The camera was ideal for photographing documents, ID cards & technical drawings. They were extremely reliable, & their optical quality was high enough that the intelligence agencies used them for decades

The CIA even used a spy pen called the Topel-Lens Fountain Pen Camera in the 1970s. The pen’s barrel held a micro-assembly & a tiny film chamber. The clip or end cap acted as a shutter release. The lens was aligned with a pinhole in the pen’s clip. Operators would hold the pen casually—e.g., pointing & talking—and snap a photo with no one the wiser. These were used at covert meetings, walk-in intelligence collection, & surveillance in diplomatic or business settings. They were of very high optical quality thanks to Tropel engineering but limited where light luminosity was poor. In bright office environments, however, it was excellent.

Today’s spyware has shifted from optical mini-cameras to digital, network-based intelligence collection. We have smartphone implants (Pegasus-style) with full access to the camera, mic, messages & location. They have encrypted payloads that are difficult to detect without specialized forensics. Having said that, the old mechanical spy cameras had one main advantage over our modern spyware: they couldn’t be hacked!

Best Regards

6000 Classified Coptic Icons Are Published On My Sites With Discussions (Revised)

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Paper Contents  The paper contains 3 parts

(Part One) (page No. 1)            provides the Published Coptic Icons links (total 6325 Icons) with their classification

(Part Two) (page No. 50)                   provides a study in the Coptic icons (written in questions and answers form)

 (Part Three) (page No. 63)       Provides my Papers with their links which discuss the Coptic Icons and tabernacle with other subjects

(notice –the paper revised version added only the study in the Coptic Icons in page No. 50 (the study in Arabic language))

Paper Part One

The General List (Archive) Of The Coptic Church Icons

A Project To Collect, Classify And Number All The Icons Of The Coptic Church

Presented by/ Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201203637319

(S. George Church- El Materiya District- Cairo- Egypt)

The Project Idea

I make A General List (Archive ) For The Coptic Church Icons- means- I collect, classify and number all Coptic Icons- let’s give example to explain- I collected all icons about the baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ and put all these Icons in one folder and gave number for each Icon- by that all the Icons about the baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ are found in this folder and have numbers- that can protect these icons

I made similar folder for each subject (The Almighty Throne- the Angles- the Annunciation- the Birth of Jesus Christ- the holy family flight to Egypt- the miracles of our Lord- The Maundy Thursday- The Great Friday- The Resurrection ….etc also the saints Icons are classified and numbered in folders)

Shortly- the project aims to collect all Coptic icons and classify them and give numbers for them, by that each icon will have number and be known- this method can protect the Coptic icons from the negative effects of the new computer programs- and we may know the total number of the Coptic Icons and also the places in which these Icons are found because it’s written under the Icons the places in which these Icons are found (especially for the ancient icons)- by this method the Coptic icons may be protected and that may save the Coptic Icons inherited through two thousands of years- also- this general list (Archive ) can be useful for the researchers study the Coptic Icons (CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Peoples’ Friendship university of Russia – Moscow  

Curriculum Vitae     https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                   mrwaheid1@yahoo.com            gergesgerges@yandex.ru                

ORCID                 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Tumblr                 https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges 

Livejournal           https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile

Pocket                                            https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

box                       https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia             https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

List of publications http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

The Project Contents

I published on my sites a group of The Coptic icons (classified and numbered)– the total published Icons are 6325 Icons- they are published as three groups

1st Group

The Icons of The Modern Coptic Church (painted after 1900 AD) the total is  3713 Icons

2nd Group

The Icons of The Ancient Coptic Church (painted before 1900 AD) the total is 1092 Icons

3rd Group

The Icons of The Byzantine Church (all times) the total is 1520 Icons -these icons are published on my sites on the next links and they are available for all for free- and it’s just part of the Coptic church Icons- please note- the Coptic Church icons total may be more than (twenty thousands icons), and we hope you will help us to complete this general list (Archive ) to contain all the church Icons- for that- we entreat every one finds different icons in his house, church or monastery can be added to this general list (Archive ) to send these Icons to us to be added to this general list (Archive ) and by that this general list can be comprehensive for all the Icons of the Coptic Church

The Icons Are Published On The Next Links

1st Group

The Icons of The Modern Coptic Church (Painted after 1900 AD) the total is  3713 Icons

The Coptic Church icons File No.(1)

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The Coptic Church icons File No.(2)

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The Coptic Church icons File No.(3)

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The Coptic Church icons File No.(4)

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2nd Group

The Icons of The Ancient Coptic Church (painted before 1900 AD) the total is 1092 Icons

The Coptic Church Icons File No. 6

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3rd Group-

The Icons of The Byzantine Church (all times) the total is  1520 Icons

The Coptic Church icons File No.(5)

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The Project Objective-

I try to find a method to protect the Coptic Icons- for that I created this general list (Archive ) to classify and number all the Icons of the Coptic Church- I found this method can protect the Icons because each icon will be numbered and known by that these icons can not be lost nor be faked- basically-I want to protect the inherited Coptic Icons from the negative effects of the new computer programs-        

The Attached Classification

The next pages are written in Arabic language-

I put the icons classification in the next pages- example- I put the Almighty Throne in the item No. (1) of this classification- and this item has 5 branches and each branch has some Icons- I write the item and its five branches- and I distinguish between the same item branches (for example- branch no.(1) shows the Almighty throne while The Almighty carries the Earth planet and the scepter or one of them- but branch no. (2) shows the Almighty Throne while the Almighty carries The opening Bible-…etc)

I distinguish between the branches because I don’t put so many Icons in one folder- the published Icons are classified by this method in separated folders to be easy to reach and use

How Can Each Icon Be Numbered?

Example- how to know the Icon Number (1-2-3)?

This is one of the Almighty throne Icons because Item no.(1) is the Almighty Throne Item-

And this item has five branches and (2) this is branch number 2 and in this branch the Almighty carries the opening bible- and this branch number 2 has (35 icons) and the required Icon is the Icon number (3)-

Shortly the Icon No. (1-2-3) is the icon of the Almighty Throne while The Almighty carries the opening bible and this Icon No. (3) is the martyrs of Libya because they painted these martyrs in the Icon of The Almighty throne while He carriers the Opening Bible for that this Icon is The Martyrs of Libya Icon

The Icons Sources

The Byzantine icons are found on the internet with very good order

The ancient Coptic Icons I brought from the books studies the Coptic Arts and ancient Egypt civilization

The Modern Coptic Icons are found in the church Books and book shops and on the churches walls 

Can You Help To Complete This List?

The published Icons list has only (6325 Icons) but the Coptic Church has more than Twenty thousands icons- Can you help us to complete this general list (Archive ) for the Coptic church icons? All icons which are not found in the published group can be added and by that we can complete this general list (Archive ) to contain all the church Icons- for that we entreat every one to help us by all available Icons can be added to this general list -ALSO all advices, critics and suggestions can help this project please send to us- because we try to make a trustee general list (Archive) for the Coptic Church Icons- in absolute honor we belong deeply to the Coptic Church- our Hope and Light 

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 

Peoples’ Friendship university of Russia – Moscow  

Curriculum Vitae     https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                   mrwaheid1@yahoo.com            gergesgerges@yandex.ru                

ORCID                 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Tumblr                 https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges 

Livejournal           https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile

Pocket                                            https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

box                       https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia             https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

List of publications http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

From this article

The First Major Mistake In The Physics Book (The Wrong Vision)

I don’t really understand how it came about that a lot of people seem to think “completely rejecting any notion of optics” is a viable or worthwhile praxis. Like I have seen people, on Tumblr especially, but other websites as well react so vociferously to even the lightest suggestions wrt to optics, and I just don’t understand where this sentiment came from or how it became so deeply held.

Sometimes things are a “bad look” and the people suggesting as much aren’t automatically your enemy.

The beautiful complexity of rainbows

You know, I really thought rainbows were simple. But no, we had to go and discover piles of other types of rainbow. Did you think it stopped at double rainbows? We haven’t even gotten into rainbows on other celestial bodies.

At its simplest, a rainbow is formed when light interacts with water droplets. The droplets act as prisms suspended in the air, splitting the incoming light into visible bands of color.

And then it gets more complicated. Rainbows on Earth reflect over angles from 0 to 42 degrees. 42 is the magic number there because of something to do with the angle of incidence of light going through water. Saltwater actually has a slightly different angle, so rainbows on the ocean are smaller!

So how about double rainbows? Theoretically, every rainbow is a double rainbow, because there’s a primary and secondary rainbow, with the secondary always fainter. This is because as the light reflects within a water droplet, some of it bounces twice, which is more concentrated and forms the stronger primary rainbow, and some bounces once and then right back out, forming the more faint secondary rainbow.

Between the two rainbows will be a darker band (Alexander’s band). This band is the ‘missing’ light which got refracted to form the rainbows, and so the sky is darker between them. That light got aimed elsewhere away from the observer.

Oh we’re just barely getting started on complicated rainbows. A true double rainbow is a 'twinned’ rainbow, in which there are separate arcs. If the droplets in the air consist of different sizes, they’ll reflect the light into multiple rainbows at once.

Okay, how about we start messing with the colors of the rainbow? I’m sure you were taught all seven of them, ROY G. BIV and all that, even if I think Indigo is just muscling its way in there, undeserved, so that the scheme makes sense.

But a rainbow can stack a few rounds of that pattern up, creating a supernumerary bow. These are caused by extremely fine water droplets, such as in fog (creatively, they’re called 'fogbows’). When things line up right, you get constructive interference, causing the repeated patterns to be extra-bright.

In fact, analysis of supernumerary rainbows is one of the first clues we found toward light behaving as a wave, because more observable waves (like water) have constructive and destructive interference too. It’s one of the times conventional optics breaks down and we have to bring in some different scientific explanations.

Is a rainbow still a rainbow if it’s, well, missing the rainbow? A rainbow can be monochrome under the right conditions, such as sunrise/set, causing a rainbow that is just red.

You’ll get all sorts of weird and higher-order rainbows in odd shapes when you throw in other media than water droplets, such as sleetbows, or other light sources, such as moonbows.

Finally, Earth just might not be the only place in the Solar System with rainbows. It’s theorized that on Saturn’s moon of Titan, the conditions for a rainbow are viable. The atmosphere is thick and humid, and the surface is wet. But the liquid is methane, not water, so 42 degrees isn’t the magic number, it’s 49 degrees instead, which would cause the rainbows to be much larger.

Oh, and make sure to bring your infrared goggles, because they just might be shifted to infrared light!

Enhance Your Ruger Redhawk Alaskan with LiteWave Sights

Enhance Your Ruger Redhawk Alaskan with LiteWave Sights

Elevate your brand’s identity with a domain name that defines precision, clarity, and the future of optics.

New 1-6x24mm and 1-8x24mm TANGO-MSR Riflescopes

New 1-6x24mm and 1-8x24mm TANGO-MSR Riflescopes

OLP 1:1 Optical Line Protection Module: Millisecond-Level Guardian of Fiber Optic Links

In backbone transmission, data center interconnection, broadcasting, and industrial optical communication networks, the uninterrupted operation of fiber optic links directly determines service continuity and system reliability. XiongHua photoelectric introduces the OLP 1:1 optical line protection module, featuring a mature optical switch architecture, real-time optical power monitoring, and millisecond-level automatic switching capabilities. It provides independent, efficient, and stable physical layer protection for both primary and backup fiber optic links, becoming the “last line of defense” for fiber optic transmission systems.

I. Product Positioning and Core Value

XiongHua photoelectrics’ OLP 1:1 optical protection module is a dedicated optical protection unit designed for one primary and one backup fiber optic link. It does not rely on upper-layer protocols and equipment; it achieves real-time monitoring, fault diagnosis, and automatic switching of the primary and backup routes at the pure optical layer. In the event of primary link interruption, degradation, or fiber breakage, it switches to the backup link in milliseconds, ensuring zero service interruption, low packet loss, and rapid recovery.

Compared to 1+1 protection, the 1:1 architecture offers advantages such as lower insertion loss, lower resource consumption, and stronger compatibility. It is widely adaptable to various SDH, WDM, PTN, OTN, and Ethernet transmission systems, meeting the high-reliability requirements of carriers, enterprise private networks, power communications, and rail transit.

II. Working Principle and Architecture Design

The OLP 1:1 module employs a selective transmit/receive protection mechanism:

1. Real-time monitoring of the received optical power of the primary and backup optical fibers, comparing it to user-defined thresholds;

2. When the primary link optical power drops, loses light, or degrades beyond the limit, the module immediately triggers a switchover;

3. An internal high-speed optical switch completes the primary/backup optical path switching, seamlessly transferring services to the backup link;

4. Supports automatic revert/hold mode; after the primary link is repaired, it can automatically recover according to the configuration.

The module integrates high-precision optical detection, high-speed mechanical optical switching, and intelligent control unit into one compact structure with flat insertion loss and reliable switching. It maintains the signal format and transmission rate throughout the entire process, achieving transparent transmission protection.

III. Key Performance and Product Advantages

1. Millisecond-Level Fast Switching: Switching time <20ms, meeting telecom-grade uninterrupted service requirements, with seamless recovery of voice, video, and data services.

2. Low Insertion Loss, High Isolation: Typical insertion loss ≤1.0dB, excellent channel isolation, low crosstalk, and no impact on system link budget and transmission distance.

3. Wide-Range Optical Power Monitoring: Monitoring range covers **-50dBm ~ +25dBm**, thresholds are flexibly configurable, adaptable to various scenarios including long-distance, short-distance, and high-power applications.

4. Stable, Reliable, and Long-Lifespan: Industrial-grade design, switch life ≥10⁸ cycles, wide operating temperature range -40℃~85℃, vibration and interference resistant, suitable for long-term operation in outdoor racks and data centers.

5. Intelligent Management and Easy Integration: Supports management interfaces such as RJ45, RS232, and I2C, enabling remote monitoring, threshold configuration, and status query; standard packaging, compatible with rack-mount and box-type devices, plug and play. 6. Multiple Protection Modes
Supports automatic failover, manual switching, and forced locking; supports configurable backoff/non-backoff modes; maintains protection even after power failure, enhancing operational flexibility.

IV. Typical Application Scenarios

– Telecom Operators: Metropolitan Area Network, Backbone Ring Network, Base Station Backhaul Link Primary/Backup Protection.

– Data Centers: DCI Interconnection, Redundant Backup of Core Switch Uplink Links.

– Power/Energy: Power Communication Private Network, Oil and Gas Pipeline Optical Transmission, Substation Link Protection.

– Broadcasting/Rail Transit: Video Bearer, Signal Transmission, Vehicle/Railwayside Fiber Optic Link Security.

– Government and Enterprise Private Networks: High-Reliability Dedicated Line Protection for Finance, Government Affairs, Healthcare, etc.

V.XiongHua photoelectric  Quality Assurance

XiongHua photoelectric  focuses on the R&D and manufacturing of passive optical devices and optical protection modules, implementing strict quality control throughout the entire process from optical design and device selection to production testing. Each OLP 1:1 optical protection module undergoes high and low temperature aging, optical performance calibration, and reliability verification to provide customers with cost-effective fiber optic link protection solutions through stable performance, rapid delivery, and professional technical support.

Conclusion

Protecting the link at the optical layer, ensuring uninterrupted operation in milliseconds. XiongHua photoelectrics’ OLP 1:1 optical line protection modules, with their robust capabilities of rapid switching, precise monitoring, and stable reliability, build a solid security foundation for fiber optic transmission systems, helping customers achieve zero-interruption, high-availability, and easy-to-maintain modern optical communication networks.

OLP 1:1 Optical Line Protection Module: Millisecond-Level Guardian of Fiber Optic Links - Xionghua Photonics

C&H STRYKR Red Dot: Optimized for Flux Raider PDWs

C&H STRYKR Red Dot: Optimized for Flux Raider PDWs

We may be back in the studio and we’re also back on the grind